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The Freedom Singers
The Freedom Singers are a group that formed in 1962 in Albany, Georgia, to educate communities about civil rights issues through song.
The group originally consisted of four black members all under the age of 21: Cordell Reagon (tenor), Bernice Johnson Reagon (alto), Charles Neblett (bass), and Rutha Mae Harris (soprano). They were joined in 1965 by a young, white guitarist named Bill Perlman,〔Richie Davis, ("‘That dream was everybody’s dream’" ), ''The Recorder'' (Greenfield, Mass.), August 28, 2013.〕 whose parents were SNCC field secretaries in NYC. At the age of 17, Bill got into a station wagon and travelled through the deep south with the band for two years. He continues to perform with the Freedom Singers, appearing in venues all over the world. He lives in Ashfield. MA, where he remained dedicated to local politics and social justice. His wife Patricia is a teacher and actress, and together they have three children; Deirdre, Philippe and Michelle.〔(Georgia Encyclopedia. )〕 A number of other people have performed with the Freedom Singers at concerts and movement events in the 1960s through today, including Bertha Gober, Emory Harris, Marshall Jones, and Matthew Jones.〔(Voices of the Civil Rights Movement: Black American Freedom Songs, 1960-1966 ) (Smithsonian Folkways).〕 The Freedom Singers toured the South, sometimes performing as many as four concerts a day. The songs were mostly spirituals and hymns, with "characteristic call-and-response" and free improvisation. Venues included around 200 college campuses, churches, house parties, demonstrations, marches, and jails. Often, the Freedom Singers were jailed for refusing to leave an area, while supporters and sympathizers also risked police brutality.〔Paige, Leslie Rose, ("The Freedom Singers of the Civil Rights Movement: Music Functioning for Freedom" ), ''Update: Applications of Research in Music Education'' 2007:59. ''Academic OneFile''.〕
==Sit-ins and the history of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)==
On February 1, 1960, in Greensboro, North Carolina, four African-American college students protested segregation and Jim Crow laws by sitting at a "whites-only" lunch counter. Using sit-ins as a means of protest became increasingly popular throughout the South, and the anti-segregationist organizers began to see college students as a potential resource. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) played a central role in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was founded in early 1960 in Raleigh, North Carolina, in response to the success of a surge of sit-ins in Southern college towns, where black students refused to leave restaurants in which they were denied service based on their race. This form of nonviolent protest brought SNCC to national attention, throwing a harsh public light on white racism in the South. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) called a conference later that year to found a new organization, and from this grew the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, usually pronounced "snick"). Joining forces with the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), white and black activists rode buses together into Southern towns to protest segregated bus terminals. Soon the SNCC established a reputation as the "shock troops" of the Civil Rights Movement.〔"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)", in Gary L. Anderson and Kathryn G. Herr (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice'', Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2007, pp. 1350-51. ''SAGE Knowledge''.〕〔("Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)" ). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 17 October 2013.〕〔Holliman, Irene, ("Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)" ), ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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